Is Audie Murphy Still The Most Decorated Soldier

US Army officer and actor (1925–1971)

Audie Murphy
Audie Murphy photographed in 1948 wearing the U.S. Army khaki "Course A" (tropical service) uniform with full-size medals.
Birth name	Audie Leon Spud
Born	(1925-06-20)twenty June 1925[ALM 1] Kingston, Texas, U.Due south.
Died	28 May 1971(1971-05-28) (anile 45) Brush Mount, near Catawba, Craig County, Virginia, U.S.
Buried	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	The states of America
Service/branch	The states Army Usa Regular army National Guard U.s.a. Army Reserve
Years of service	1942–45 (U.S. Army) 1950–66 (Texas Regular army National Guard) 1966–69 (U.S. Regular army Reserves)
Rank	Showtime Lieutenant (U.S.) Major (Texas Regular army National Baby-sit)
Service number	18083707 (as enlisted man)[1] 01692509 (equally officer)[2] [one]
Unit	15th Infantry Regiment tertiary Infantry Partition (US) 36th Infantry Division (Texas Army National Guard)
Battles/wars	World War II Tunisia Sicily Naples-Foggia Anzio Rome-Arno Southern French republic Ardennes-Alsace Rhineland Central Europe
Awards	Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross Silver Star Medal (2) Legion of Merit Bronze Star (two, one "V" device) Purple Eye (3) Army Skilful Acquit Medal Distinguished Unit Citation (2) American Campaign Medal European-African-Center Eastern Campaign Medal (nine campaigns, arrowhead device) Globe State of war II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal with Deutschland clasp French Legion of Honour (grade of Chevalier) French Croix de Guerre with silver star French Croix de Guerre with palm (iii) Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm French fourragère in colors of the Croix de Guerre Combat Infantryman Badge Marksman Bluecoat with Rifle Component Bar Adept Badge with Bayonet Component Bar Outstanding Noncombatant Service Medal Texas Legislative Medal of Honor
Other work	Thespian, songwriter, rancher
Signature
Website	Audie L. Murphy

Audie Leon Murphy (xx June 1925 – 28 May 1971) was an American soldier, thespian, songwriter, and rancher. He was i of the virtually busy American gainsay soldiers of World War II. He received every military combat honor for valor available from the U.S. Army, too every bit French and Belgian awards for heroism. Murphy received the Medal of Honor for valor that he demonstrated at the age of nineteen for single-handedly property off a visitor of High german soldiers for an hr at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945, then leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition.

Murphy was built-in into a large family of sharecroppers in Hunt Canton, Texas. His begetter abased them, and his mother died when he was a teenager. Murphy left school in fifth form to choice cotton and find other work to help support his family unit; his skill with a hunting rifle helped feed his family.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Potato's older sis helped him to falsify documentation about his birthdate in order to meet the minimum historic period requirement for enlisting in the military. Turned down initially for beingness underweight past the Regular army, Navy and the Marine Corps, he eventually was able to enlist in the Army. He first saw action in the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily; then in 1944 he participated in the Battle of Anzio, the liberation of Rome, and the invasion of southern France. Murphy fought at Montélimar and led his men on a successful assault at Fifty'Omet quarry most Cleurie in north-eastern France in October.

Subsequently the war, White potato embarked on a 21-yr acting career. He played himself in the 1955 autobiographical motion-picture show To Hell and Back, based on his 1949 memoirs of the same name, only most of his roles were in westerns. He made invitee appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the serial Whispering Smith. Tater was a adequately accomplished songwriter. He bred quarter horses in California and Arizona, and became a regular participant in equus caballus racing.

Suffering from what would today be described as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), White potato slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow. He looked for solace in addictive sleeping pills. In his last few years, he was plagued by coin bug but refused offers to appear in alcohol and cigarette commercials considering he did non want to set a bad example. Murphy died in a plane crash in Virginia in 1971, before long earlier his 46th birthday. He was interred with armed forces honors at Arlington National Cemetery, where his grave is one of the most visited.

Early life

Audie Murphy was built-in on 20 June 1925, in Kingston, a modest rural community in Chase County in northeastern Texas.^{[ALM 1]} He was the 7th of twelve children born to Emmett Berry Murphy (1887–1976) and his wife Josie Bell Spud (née Killian; 1891–1941). The Murphys were sharecroppers of Irish descent.^[7]

As a child, Tater was a loner with mood swings and an explosive temper.^[viii] He grew upward in northeastern Texas around the towns of Farmersville, Greenville, and Celeste, where he attended elementary schoolhouse.^[9] His male parent drifted in and out of the family unit's life and eventually deserted them. Murphy dropped out of school in 5th course and got a job picking cotton fiber for a dollar a twenty-four hours (equivalent to $twenty in 2021) to aid support his family; he too became skilled with a rifle, hunting minor game to help feed them. Subsequently his mother died of endocarditis and pneumonia^[10] in 1941, he worked at a radio repair shop and at a combination general store, garage and gas station in Greenville.^[11] Hunt County authorities placed his 3 youngest siblings in Boles Children'due south Home,^[12] a Christian orphanage in Quinlan. Later the war, he bought a house in Farmersville for his eldest sis Corinne and her husband, Poland Burns. His other siblings briefly shared the home.^[13]

The loss of his mother stayed with Murphy throughout his life. He later stated:

She died when I was xvi. She had the most cute hair I've ever seen. It reached virtually to the floor. She rarely talked; and e'er seemed to be searching for something. What it was I don't know. Nosotros didn't hash out our feelings. Merely when she passed away, she took something of me with her. Information technology seems I've been searching for information technology ever since.^[14]

World War 2 service

Murphy had e'er wanted to be a soldier. Later on the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he tried to enlist,^[11] but the Army, Navy and Marine Corps all turned him downward for being underweight and underage. After his sister provided an affidavit that falsified his nascence appointment by a year, he was accepted by the U.Southward. Army on 30 June 1942.^{[ALM i] [ALM 2]} After basic training at Campsite Wolters,^[xix] he was sent to Fort Meade for advanced infantry training.^[20] During basic training, he earned the Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar and Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar.^[21]

Mediterranean Theater

Tater was shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco on 20 February 1943. He was assigned to Visitor B, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, which trained nether the control of Major General Lucian Truscott.^{[22] [23]} After the 13 May give up of the Axis forces in French Tunisia,^[24] the partitioning was put in accuse of the prisoners.^[25] He participated equally a platoon messenger with his segmentation at Arzew in Algeria in rigorous training for the Allied assail landings in Sicily.^[26] White potato was promoted to private showtime class on 7 May and corporal on fifteen July.^{[27] [28]}

When the 3rd Infantry landed at Licata, Sicily, on 10 July, Murphy was a partition runner.^{[29] [thirty]} On a scouting patrol, he killed 2 fleeing Italian officers near Canicattì.^[31] Sidelined with disease for a week when Company B arrived in Palermo on 20 July,^[32] he rejoined them when they were assigned to a hillside location protecting a automobile-gun emplacement, while the rest of the tertiary Infantry Division fought at San Fratello en route to the Centrolineal capture of the transit port of Messina.^[33]

Murphy participated in the September 1943 mainland Salerno landing at Battipaglia.^[34] While on a scouting political party along the Volturno River, he and ii other soldiers were ambushed; German machine gun fire killed one soldier. Murphy and the other survivor responded by killing v Germans with hand grenades and machine gun fire.^[35] While taking part in the October Allied attack on the Volturno Line,^{[34] [36]} near Mignano Monte Lungo Hill 193, he and his company repelled an attack by seven German soldiers, killing 3 and taking 4 prisoner.^[37] Murphy was promoted to sergeant on 13 December.^[38]

In January 1944, Spud was promoted to staff sergeant.^[38] He was hospitalized in Naples with malaria on 21 Jan and was unable to participate in the initial landing at the Anzio beachhead.^[39] He returned on 29 Jan and participated in the First Battle of Cisterna,^{[40] [41]} and was made a platoon sergeant in Company B following the battle.^[42] He returned with the third Sectionalisation to Anzio, where they remained iv months.^[43] Taking shelter from the weather in an abandoned farmhouse on 2 March, Murphy and his platoon killed the crew of a passing German tank.^[44] He then crawled out alone shut enough to destroy the tank with rifle grenades, for which he received the Bronze Star with "V" device.^{[45] [46]}

Murphy continued to make scouting patrols to take German prisoners earlier being hospitalized for a calendar week on 13 March with a 2nd bout of malaria. Sixty-one infantry officers and enlisted men of Company B, 15th Infantry, including White potato, were awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge on 8 May.^[47]

Murphy was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Bronze Star.^{[48] [49]} American forces liberated Rome on four June, and Murphy remained bivouacked in Rome with his platoon throughout July.^[50]

European Theater

During the first wave of the Allied invasion of southern France, Tater received the Distinguished Service Cross^{[51] [52]} for activeness taken on fifteen Baronial 1944.^[53] After landing on Yellow Embankment about Ramatuelle,^[54] Irish potato's platoon was making its way through a vineyard when the men were attacked by German soldiers. He retrieved a auto gun that had been detached from the team and returned fire at the German soldiers, killing 2 and wounding one.^[54] Two Germans exited a house most 100 yards (91 m) away and appeared to surrender; when Murphy's best friend responded, they shot and killed him. Murphy avant-garde alone on the house nether direct fire. He killed half-dozen, wounded two and took 11 prisoner.^[54]

Murphy was with the 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment during the 27–28 August offensive at Montélimar that secured the area from the Germans.^{[53] [55]} Along with the other soldiers who took part in the action, he received the Presidential Unit Citation.^[56]

Spud'south first Purple Eye was for a heel wound received in a mortar shell boom on 15 September 1944 in northeastern France.^{[57] [58] [59]} His kickoff Silver Star came after he killed iv and wounded three at a German automobile gun position on 2 October at 50'Omet quarry in the Cleurie valley.^[51] Three days after, Potato crawled alone towards the Germans at 50'Omet, conveying an SCR-536 radio and directing his men for an 60 minutes while the Germans fired straight at him. When his men finally took the colina, 15 Germans had been killed and 35 wounded. Irish potato'due south actions earned him a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Silvery Star.^[sixty] He was awarded a battlefield committee to second lieutenant on 14 Oct, which elevated him to platoon leader.^[61] While en route to Brouvelieures on 26 October, the tertiary Platoon of Company B was attacked by a German sniper group. Murphy captured two before being shot in the hip by a sniper; he returned fire and shot the sniper between the eyes. At the 3rd General Hospital at Aix-en-Provence,^[62] the removal of gangrene from the wound caused partial loss of his hip muscle and kept him out of gainsay until January.^[51] Murphy received his get-go Statuary Oak Leaf Cluster for his Majestic Heart for this injury.^{[63] [64]}

The Colmar Pocket, 850 square miles (2,200 km^two) in the Vosges Mountains, had been held past German troops since November 1944.^[65] On xiv Jan 1945, Murphy rejoined his platoon, which had been moved to the Colmar area in Dec.^[66] He moved with the tertiary Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr, where they faced a strong German counterattack.^[67] He was wounded in both legs, for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Majestic Heart.^[68] As the visitor awaited reinforcements on 26 January, he was fabricated commander of Company B.^[69]

The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer, setting it debark, forcing the coiffure to abandon it.^[70] Irish potato ordered his men to retreat to positions in the forest, remaining alone at his post, shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field radio while the Germans aimed burn down direct at his position.^[71] Tater mounted the abandoned, called-for tank destroyer and began firing its .50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans, killing a squad itch through a ditch towards him.^[72] For an hour, Irish potato stood on the flaming tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks, killing or wounding 50 Germans. He sustained a leg wound during his stand, and stopped only subsequently he ran out of ammunition. Tater rejoined his men, disregarding his own injury, and led them back to repel the Germans. He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated.^[70]

For his deportment that day, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.^[73] The 3rd Infantry Partitioning was awarded the Presidential Unit Commendation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket, giving Murphy a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem.^[74]

On xvi February, Spud was promoted to first lieutenant^[75] and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to xviii February 1945.^[76] He was moved from the front end lines to Regimental Headquarters and fabricated a liaison officeholder.^[77]

Decorations

Ground forces version of the Medal of Accolade

The Usa additionally honored White potato's war contributions with the American Campaign Medal,^[78] the European–African–Eye Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and 9 campaign stars, the World War 2 Victory Medal,^[78] and the Army of Occupation Medal with Federal republic of germany Clasp.^{[46] [78]} France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor – Grade of Chevalier,^[79] the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star,^[80] the French Croix de guerre with Palm,^[81] the French Liberation Medal^{[46] [78]} and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre,^[46] which was authorized for all members of the tertiary Infantry Division who fought in France during Globe War II. Belgium awarded Irish potato the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm.^[81]

Brigadier Full general Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended Murphy for the Medal of Award.^{[82] [83]} Near Salzburg, Austria on two June 1945,^[84] Lieutenant General A.Thou. Patch^[13] presented Murphy with the Medal of Honour and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr. When asked after the war why he had seized the motorcar gun and taken on an entire visitor of German infantry, he replied, "They were killing my friends."^[85]

Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.Southward. Regular army for his World War Ii service.^{[ALM iii]}

Postwar war machine service

Inquiries were made through official channels almost the prospect of Murphy attending West Indicate upon his return to the United States, just he never enrolled.^{[6] [88]} According to author Don Graham, Spud suggested the idea and so dropped it, maybe when he realized the extent of bookish training needed to pass the archway examination.^[89]

Spud was one of several military personnel who received orders on viii June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas, for temporary duty and reassignment.^{[half dozen] [88]} Upon inflow on thirteen June, he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Regular army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation, with permission to travel anywhere within the United states of america during that flow.^[six] While on exit, Tater was feted with parades, banquets, and speeches.^[90] He received a belated Good Carry Medal on 21 August.^[91]

He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a l percent disability nomenclature on 21 September and transferred to the Officers' Reserve Corps.^{[ALM iv]}

Post-traumatic stress

Since his military service, Spud had been plagued with insomnia and bouts of depression, and he slept with a loaded pistol under his pillow.^{[93] [94]} A mail-service medical examination on 17 June 1947 revealed symptoms of headaches, vomiting, and nightmares about the state of war. His medical records indicated that he took sleeping pills to help forbid nightmares.^[95] During the mid-1960s, he recognized his dependence on the allaying Placidyl, and locked himself alone in a hotel room for a calendar week to successfully interruption the addiction.^[13] Post-traumatic stress levels exacerbated his innate moodiness,^[8] and surfaced in episodes that friends and professional colleagues institute alarming.^[96] His first married woman, Dixie Wanda Hendrix, claimed he once held her at gunpoint.^[97] She witnessed her husband being guilt-ridden and bawling over newsreel footage of German language state of war orphans.^[98] Tater briefly establish a artistic stress outlet in writing poetry after his Army discharge. His poem "The Crosses Grow on Anzio" appeared in his book To Hell and Back,^[99] but was attributed to the fictitious character Kerrigan.^[100]

To draw attending to the problems of returning Korean War and Vietnam War veterans, Murphy spoke out candidly nigh his own problems with posttraumatic stress disorder.^[101] It was known during Murphy's lifetime equally "boxing fatigue" and "shell shock", terminology that dated back to World State of war I. He called on the government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact of combat experiences, and to extend health care benefits to war veterans.^{[102] [103]} Every bit a result of legislation introduced by U.Southward. Congressman Olin Teague five months later on Murphy's expiry in 1971, the Audie 50. Spud Memorial VA Hospital^[104] in San Antonio, now a role of the South Texas Veterans Health Care Organisation, was defended in 1973.^{[105] [106]}

Texas Army National Baby-sit

At the end of Globe State of war Ii, the 36th Infantry Division reverted to country command as function of the Texas Army National Baby-sit,^[107] and Murphy's friends, Major General H. Miller Ainsworth and Brigadier General Carl L. Phinney, were the 36th's commander and deputy commander respectively. Afterward 25 June 1950 commencement of the Korean War, Murphy began a second military career and was commissioned as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Baby-sit.^{[108] [109]} He drilled new recruits in the summer training camps, and granted the Baby-sit permission to use his proper name and paradigm in recruiting materials.^[110] Although he wanted to join the fighting and juggled training activities with his film career, the 36th Infantry Division was never sent to Korea.^{[111] [112]}

At his request, he transferred to inactive status on 1 October 1951 considering of his motion picture commitments with MGM Studios, and returned to active status in 1955. Murphy was promoted to the rank of major by the Texas Army National Guard in 1956 and returned to inactive status in 1957.^[113] In 1969, his official separation from the Guard transferred him to the United States Army Reserve.^[114] He remained with the USAR until his transfer to the Retired Reserve in 1969.^[115]

Film career

During an acting career spanning from 1948 to 1969, Murphy made more than than 40 feature films and 1 television series.^{[ALM 5]} When histrion and producer James Cagney saw the sixteen July 1945 issue of Life magazine depicting Tater as the "well-nigh decorated soldier",^[87] he brought him to Hollywood. Cagney and his blood brother William signed him every bit a contract player for their production company and gave him grooming in acting, vocalism and trip the light fantastic. They never cast Murphy in a movie and a personal disagreement ended the clan in 1947.^[117] Murphy later on worked with acting double-decker Estelle Harman, and honed his diction by reciting dialogue from William Shakespeare and William Saroyan.^[118]

Potato moved into Terry Hunt's Athletic Club in Hollywood where he lived until 1948.^{[119] [120]} Hollywood author David "Spec" McClure befriended Murphy, collaborating with him on Murphy's 1949 book To Hell and Back.^[121] McClure used his connections to get a $500 (equivalent to $6,000 in 2021) bit part in Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven (1948) for Irish potato.^[122] The agent of Wanda Hendrix, whom Murphy had been dating since 1946,^[123] got him a fleck part in the Alan Ladd moving picture Beyond Glory directed past John Farrow before that same year.^[124] His 1949 film Bad Boy gave him his first leading role.^[125] The moving-picture show'southward financial backers refused to bankroll the project unless Irish potato was given the lead;^[126] thus, Allied Artists put aside their reservations nigh using an inexperienced actor and gave him the starring part.^[127]

Spud in The Red Badge of Courage

Universal Studios signed White potato to a seven-year studio contract at $2,500 a week (equivalent to $28,200 in 2021).^{[128] [129]} His first film for them was as Billy the Child in The Child from Texas in 1950. He wrapped up that yr making Sierra starring Wanda Hendrix, who by that time had become his wife,^[130] and Kansas Raiders as outlaw Jesse James. Universal lent him to MGM in 1951 at a salary of $25,000^[131] to play the lead of The Youth^{[ALM 6]} in The Red Badge of Courage, directed by John Huston.^[133] Potato and Huston worked together again in the 1960 film The Unforgiven.^[134]

The only film Murphy made in 1952 was The Duel at Silver Creek with manager Don Siegel. Murphy worked with Siegel i more than time in 1958 for The Gun Runners. In 1953, he starred in Frederick de Cordova's Column South,^[135] and played Jim Harvey in Nathan Juran's Tumbleweed, an adaptation of the Kenneth Perkins novel Three Were Renegades.^{[136] [137]} Director Nathan Juran as well directed Gunsmoke and Drums Beyond the River.^[138] George Marshall directed Irish potato in the 1954 Destry, a remake of Destry Rides Again, based on a graphic symbol created by author Max Brand.^[139]

Although Murphy was initially reluctant to announced as himself in To Hell and Back , the 1955 adaptation of his book directed by Jesse Hibbs, he somewhen agreed;^[140] information technology became the biggest hit in the history of Universal Studios at the time.^{[141] [142]} To help publicize the release of the film, he made guest appearances on television shows such every bit What'due south My Line?,^{[ALM vii]} Toast of the Boondocks,^[143] and Colgate Comedy 60 minutes.^{[ALM 8]} The Hibbs-Murphy squad proved and then successful in To Hell and Back ^[144] that the 2 worked together on 5 subsequent films. The partnership resulted in Murphy actualization as John Phillip Clum in the 1956 western Walk the Proud State,^[145] and the non-westerns Joe Butterfly ^[146] and Earth in My Corner. They worked together for the last time in the 1958 western Ride a Crooked Trail.^[147]

Joseph L. Mankiewicz hired White potato to play the titular office^{[ALM 9]} in the 1958 film The Placidity American.^[149] Irish potato formed a partnership with Harry Joe Chocolate-brown to make three films, starting with The Guns of Fort Petticoat (1957). The partnership vicious into disagreement over the remaining two projects, and Brownish filed conform against Murphy.^[150]

In 1957 Murphy was bandage as The Utica Kid along with James Stewart and Dan Duryea in the western Night Passage.^[151]

Murphy was featured in three westerns in 1959: he starred opposite Sandra Dee in The Wild and the Innocent,^[152] collaborated equally an uncredited co-producer with Walter Mirisch on the black and white Cast a Long Shadow, and performed as a hired killer in No Proper noun on the Bullet, a film that was well received by critics.^[153] Thelma Ritter was his costar in the 1960 Startime television episode "The Man".^[154] During the early 1960s, Murphy donated his time and otherwise lent his proper name and image for three episodes of The Big Pic television series produced by the United States Regular army. He received the 1960 Outstanding Civilian Service Medal for his cooperation in the episode Cleaved Bridge, which featured his visits to armed services installations in Federal republic of germany, Italian republic, Turkey and the U.Due south. state of New Mexico to showcase the military's latest weaponry.^{[155] [156]}

Writer Clair Huffaker wrote the 1961 screenplays for Murphy's films Vii Ways from Sundown and Posse from Hell.^[157] Willard Due west. Willingham and his wife Mary Willingham befriended Murphy in his early days in Hollywood and worked with him on a number of projects.^{[158] [159] [160]}

Willard was a producer on Murphy's 1961 telly serial Whispering Smith,^[161] and co-wrote the screenplay for Battle at Bloody Embankment that year.^[162] He collaborated on Bullet for a Badman ^[163] in 1964 and Arizona Raiders in 1965.^[164] The Willinghams as a team wrote the screenplay for Gunpoint ^[165] as well as the script for Spud's last starring atomic number 82 in the western 40 Guns to Apache Laissez passer in 1967.^[166] Murphy made Trunk to Cairo in State of israel in 1966.^[167]

He first met manager Budd Boetticher when Murphy requested to be his boxing partner at Terry Hunt's Able-bodied Club.^[168] He afterwards appeared in the 1951 title role of Boetticher'due south first western The Cimarron Kid.^[169] Boetticher wrote the script in 1969 for Murphy'south terminal moving-picture show, A Time for Dying.^[170] Two other projects that Murphy and Boetticher planned to interact on – A Horse for Mr Barnum and When At that place's Sumpthin' to Do – never came to fruition.^[171]

Personal life

Potato married actress Wanda Hendrix in 1949.^[172] Their divorce became final two years later in 1951.^[173] Four days afterward, he married former airline stewardess Pamela Opal Lee Archer (vii October 1919/1920/1923 – viii Apr 2010), with whom^[174] he had two sons: Terry Michael (born 14 March 1952),^{[175] [176]} and James Shannon (built-in 1954).^[177]

Murphy bred quarter horses at the Audie Murphy Ranch in what is now Menifee, California, and the Potato Ranch in Pima County, Arizona.^{[ALM x]}

His horses raced at the Del Mar Racetrack, and he invested big sums of money in the hobby.^[180] Murphy'due south gambling left his finances in a poor country. In 1968, he stated that he lost $260,000 in an Algerian oil deal and was dealing with the Internal Acquirement Service over unpaid taxes.^[181] In spite of his financial difficulties, Potato refused to announced in commercials for alcohol and cigarettes, mindful of the influence he would have on the youth market.^[182]

In May 1970, he was arrested in Burbank, California, charged with battery and set on with intent to commit murder in a dispute with a dog trainer. He was accused of firing a shot at the man, which he denied.^{[183] [184]} Murphy was cleared of the charges.^[185]

Death and commemorations

On 28 May 1971, Murphy was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into Brush Mountain, virtually Catawba, Virginia, xx miles (32 km) west of Roanoke in conditions of rain, clouds, fog and zero visibility.^[186] The pilot and four other passengers were as well killed.^[187]

The aircraft was a twin-engine Aero Commander 680 flown by a airplane pilot who had a private-airplane pilot license and a reported eight,000 hours of flying time, but who held no musical instrument rating. The aircraft was recovered on 31 May.^[188] Later her married man's decease, Pamela Tater moved into a small apartment and got a clerk position at the Sepulveda Veterans Assistants Hospital in Los Angeles, where she remained employed for 35 years.^[189]

Monument at the site of the Virginia airplane crash in which Audie Murphy was killed

On seven June 1971, Murphy was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.^[190] In attendance were Ambassador to the U.N. George H. Due west. Bush-league, Ground forces Chief of Staff William Westmoreland, and many of the 3rd Infantry Division.^[191] Murphy's gravesite is in Section 46, headstone number 46-366-11, located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater. A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects. Information technology is the cemetery's second most-visited gravesite, after that of President John F. Kennedy.^[192]

The headstones of Medal of Honour recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are usually decorated in gold leaf. Potato previously requested that his stone remain manifestly and inconspicuous, like that of an ordinary soldier.^[193] The headstone contains the nascence twelvemonth 1924, based upon purportedly falsified materials amongst his military records.^[194]

In 1974, a large granite mark was erected but off the Appalachian Trail at 37°21′52″N 80°13′33″W  /  37.364554°N eighty.225748°Due west  / 37.364554; -eighty.225748  (Audie White potato monument) at 3,100' elevation, about the crash site.^[195]

In 1975, a court awarded Murphy's widow, Pamela, and their two children $2.5 million in amercement because of the accident.^[196]

Noncombatant honors were bestowed on Murphy during his lifetime and posthumously, including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.^[197] In 2013, White potato was honored by his home state with the Texas Legislative Medal of Award.^{[ALM eleven]}

In 2014, the metal ring Sabaton released a song titled "To Hell and Back" in reference to Audie Potato and his motion-picture show, on their album Heroes.^[202]

Song writing

David McClure, his collaborator on the volume To Hell and Back, discovered Irish potato'due south talent for verse during their piece of work on the memoir when he constitute discarded verses in Murphy's Hollywood apartment. One of those poems, "The Crosses Abound on Anzio", appears in To Hell and Back attributed to a soldier named Kerrigan. Only 2 others survived, "Alone and Far Removed" and "Freedom Flies in Your Heart Like an Hawkeye". The latter was part of a speech Murphy had written at a 1968 dedication of the Alabama War Memorial in Montgomery, and later on set to music by Scott Turner under the title "Dusty Quondam Helmet".^[203]

Murphy was a fan of country music, in particular Bob Wills and Chet Atkins, but was not a singer or musician himself.^[204] Through his friend Guy Mitchell, Murphy was introduced to songwriter Scott Turner in 1961.^{[205] [206]} The two collaborated on numerous songs between 1962 and 1970, the virtually successful of which was "Shutters and Boards" and "When the Current of air Blows in Chicago".^[207]

Notes

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Murphy's son Terry is the President of the Audie Murphy Research Foundation, which in both its biographical sketch and Spud Family Tree list his year of birth as 1925.^[3] Murphy'southward appointment of birth has been given as both 1924 and 1925 by Irish potato himself. He seemed to go dorsum and forth on the dates for the rest of his life. His sis, Mrs. Corinne Burns, as his nearest living kin, had signed a notarized document attesting to the nascency date of 20 June 1924 that Murphy put on his enlistment application, falsifying his yr of birth and so he could meet the U.S. Army age qualification for enlistment. Afterward, all armed services records show the purportedly falsified date equally his birth date.^[4] His California commuter's license showed a birth appointment of 1925.^{[5] [6]}
2. ^ Conflicting data exists as to Spud'southward appointment and place of enlistment. The Audie L. Potato Memorial website has scanned documents from the U.South. National Athenaeum and Records Administration that include Corinne Burns' statement and Murphy's "Induction Record", which shows him "Enlisted at Dallas, Texas" on 30 June 1942, and the line above it says "Accepted for service at Greenville, Texas". The National Register of Celebrated Places Listing added the Greenville post role as historic site number 74002081 in 1974, citing it as White potato's place of enlistment, possibly referring to the human activity the military termed "Accustomed for service". The NRHP also shows his enlistment engagement as 20 June 1942 which might exist the appointment he was accepted for service.^{[13] [15] [16] [17] [18]}
3. ^ White potato's war service was combat-related. Therefore, he did not receive the non-combat Soldier'southward Medal. Act of Congress (Public Law 446–69th Congress, 2 July 1926 (44 Stat. 780) established the Soldier's Medal for heroism "as defined in x USC 101(d), at the time of the heroic act who distinguished himself or herself past heroism not involving actual combat with the enemy.")^[86] At the stop of his World War Two service, Murphy became known every bit America'southward most busy soldier.^[87]
4. ^ The Officers' Reserve Corps was originally one of several units of the Us Organized Reserve that also included the Enlisted Reserve Corps, Reserve Officers' Training Corps and the Noncombatant Conservation Corps. The Organized Reserve was restructured during the Korean War and renamed the United States Regular army Reserve. The new structure was divided into the Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve and Retired Reserve.^{[88] [92]}
5. ^ The exact count on the number of feature films Murphy fabricated varies past source. The Hollywood Walk of Fame and other sources put his total number of feature films at 44.^[116]
6. ^ Henry Fleming is the Youth in Stephen Crane's novel. In the 1951 film, Fleming is played by Irish potato every bit the unnamed character "The Youth". However, Fleming is addressed by proper name when other characters are speaking to him.^[132]
7. ^ YouTube has several uploaded versions of the v-infinitesimal What's My Line segment that features Tater as the mystery guest. Listed as Episode dated 3 July 1955 at IMDb
8. ^ 56-minute uploaded on YouTube as Audie Murphy Attends Beverly Hilton Grand Opening 1955. He appears at 28:48 and briefly talks with Hedda Hopper most how he one time gave his medals away but had them replaced by the U.S. Army.
9. ^ Alden Pyle is the American in Graham Greene'south novel. In the 1958 moving-picture show, Pyle is played by Murphy every bit the unnamed character "The American".^[148]
10. ^ The Audie L. Potato Memorial Website has user-generated data on an Arizona quarter equus caballus ranch White potato purchased in 1956 and sold to Guy Mitchell in 1958.^[178] While not stating that the use of Murphy's name and image were authorized by his estate, the website of the Menifee residential evolution Audie Murphy Ranch claims it is the location of the ranch Murphy endemic in California.^[179] Menifee was incorporated in 2008 and borders the community of Perris.
11. ^ The actual award was presented by Governor Rick Perry to Murphy'southward family on 29 October 2013 at a ceremony in Farmersville, Texas.^{[198] [199] [200] [201]}

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b} Reyna, Charmaine (25 January 2013). "Atomic number 82 From The Front: Sergeant Audie Irish potato Written report Guide" (PDF). Fort Lee. pp. 20–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
2. ^ Audie Potato's Medal of Honour citation (War Department Become 45, 9 August 1945)
3. ^ "BIOGRAPHY A short biographical sketch". Audie L. Potato Memorial Website. Retrieved 12 Oct 2013.
4. ^ "Browse of original Application for Degrees, Due north. Hollywood Freemasons" (PDF). Audie 50. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
5. ^ "Browse of charred California commuter'south license for Audie Irish potato, recovered from crash site later on his death" (PDF). Audie 50. White potato Memorial Website. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "Browse of service records 1942–1971" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
7. ^ Graham 1989, p. 5.
8. ^ ^{a b} Potato 2002, pp. iv–seven.
9. ^ "Celeste, Texas". Texas Historical Committee. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 Oct 2013.
10. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 28.
11. ^ ^{a b} Murphy 2002, p. 7.
12. ^ Pocket-size, David (12 June 2010). "Boles Habitation". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Country Historical Association. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Tate 2006, pp. 152–63.
14. ^ Irish potato 2002, p. 143.
15. ^ "Scan of Audie Tater's Service Record book" (PDF). Audie L. Tater Memorial Website.
16. ^ "NRHP Greenville Post Office". Texas Historical Committee. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
17. ^ "The Old Greenville Post Office". Texas Historical Committee. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
18. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 23, 24.
19. ^ Graham 1989, p. 29.
20. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 33–34.
21. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 49.
22. ^ Graham 1989, p. 36.
23. ^ Champagne 2008, p. 41.
24. ^ "To Bizerte with the II Corps, 23 Apr-13 May 1943, the 2nd Stage". Center of Military machine History United States Army. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
25. ^ Champagne 2008, p. 45.
26. ^ Champagne 2008, pp. 45–47.
27. ^ Graham 1989, p. 37.
28. ^ Graham 1989, p. 39.
29. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 38, 39.
30. ^ "Sicily 1943". CMH Pub 72-16. Eye of War machine History United states Army. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
31. ^ Graham 1989, p. 40.
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34. ^ ^{a b} Graham 1989, p. 47.
35. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 47, 48.
36. ^ "Naples-Foggia 1943 1944". CMH Pub 72-17. Centre of Military machine History United states Army. Retrieved 12 Oct 2013.
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38. ^ ^{a b} Champagne 2008, p. 106.
39. ^ Graham 1989, p. l.
40. ^ "The Centrolineal Offensive (xxx January–ane Feb)". Anzio Beachhead CMH Pub 100-ten. Heart of Military History United States Regular army. pp. 28–36. Retrieved 12 Oct 2013.
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42. ^ Champagne 2008, pp. 111–12.
43. ^ Graham 1989, p. 54.
44. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 58, 59.
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46. ^ ^{a b c d} Tanber, George G. (5 May 2005). "Who Had More than Medals? Depends on Who'due south Counting". Toledo Blade. p. 3. Retrieved 8 Oct 2013.
47. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 102.
48. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 276.
49. ^ "Hall of Valor". Military Times. Archived from the original on four October 2013. Retrieved 12 Oct 2013.
50. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 64–65.
51. ^ ^{a b c} Brinkley 2004, p. 191.
52. ^ Champagne 2008, p. 161.
53. ^ ^{a b} "Southern France". CMH Pub 72-31. Center of Military machine History United States Army. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 Oct 2013.
54. ^ ^{a b c} Hollen, Staff Sergeant Norman (December 1944). Argument describing White potato's August xv, 1944 actions virtually Ramatuelle, France. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299779. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
55. ^ Clarke & Smith 1993, p. 166.
56. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 124.
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61. ^ Fredriksen 2010, p. 279.
62. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 81–83.
63. ^ Graham 1989, p. 82.
64. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 137.
65. ^ Clarke & Smith 1993, p. 533.
66. ^ Graham 1989, p. 86.
67. ^ Clarke & Smith 1993, pp. 543–44.
68. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 153.
69. ^ Graham 1989, p. 88.
70. ^ ^{a b} Abramski, Pvt. Get-go Class Anthony Five. (27 February 1945). Statement describing White potato's 26 Jan 1945 actions at Holtzwihr. File Unit of measurement: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Potato, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299775.
71. ^ Weispfenning, Outset Lieutenant Walter W. (18 April 1945). Statement describing Spud'south January 26, 1945 deportment at Holtzwihr. File Unit: Official Military machine Personnel File of Audie Potato, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Assistants ARC Identifier 299785.
72. ^ Ware, Kenneth L. (18 April 1945). Argument describing Murphy's January 26, 1945 actions at Holtzwihr. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Tater, 19421945. U.S. National Athenaeum and Records Assistants ARC Identifier 299784.
73. ^ "The Price of Freedom: Audie Murphy's Medal of Honor Citation". Smithsonian Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 14 October 2020.
74. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 164.
75. ^ Graham 1989, p. 95.
76. ^ Simpson 1975, pp. 175–76.
77. ^ Graham 1989, p. 96.
78. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Price of Liberty: Americans at War". Smithsonian National Museum of American History. Retrieved 24 Feb 2014.
79. ^ Dept. of Defense (19 July 1948). Award of the "Au Grade De Chevalier" for Potato's infrequent services rendered during operations to liberate French republic., 07/nineteen/1948. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299781.
80. ^ Dept. of Defence force (sixteen April 1945). De La Croix De Guerre Award for Tater'southward services rendered during operations to liberate France. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Irish potato, 1942–1945. U.Due south. National Athenaeum and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299782.
81. ^ ^{a b} Simpson 1975, p. 410.
82. ^ Edson, Lt. Colonel Hallet D. (17 February 1945). Recommendation from Lt. Colonel Hallet D. Edson, 15th Infantry, to Award of Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Audie Fifty. Murphy. File Unit: Official Armed services Personnel File of Audie Spud, 1942–1945. U.Southward. National Athenaeum and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299777.
83. ^ Lovett, Brigadier Full general R.B. (12 April 1945). Recommendation from Brigadier General R.B. Lovett, to Lieutenant General A.M. Patch, for Audie 50. Murphy to be awarded the Medal of Honor and General Patch's approval. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Murphy, 1942–1945. U.S. National Athenaeum and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299783.
84. ^ Willbanks 2011, p. 234.
85. ^ "'War' excerpt nigh Staff Sgt. Salvatore Giunta's actions". Stars and Stripes. x September 2010. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Oettinger, Callie (26 January 2011). Focus on Audie Tater. Command Posts. MacMillan. Archived from the original on 26 Feb 2011.
86. ^ "Soldier'south Medal" (PDF). U.S. Army Regulation 600-8-22: Armed services Awards. Department of the Army Administrative Publications. 23 June 2013. chapter 2, department II, three–xiv. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 October 2013.
87. ^ ^{a b} "Life Visits Audie Murphy". Life. xvi July 1945. pp. 94–97.
88. ^ ^{a b c} "Scan of service records 1953–1971" (PDF). Audie 50. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
89. ^ Graham 1989, p. 127.
90. ^ Spiller & Dawson 2010, pp. 137–54, chpt Man Against Burn: Audie Murphy and His War.
91. ^ "Scan of Audie L. Murphy signed request for his Practiced Conduct Medal, addressed to the Commanding Officer at Fort Sam Houston" (PDF). Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. 21 August 1945.
92. ^ "Army Reserve, a Concise History" (PDF). United States Army Reserve. Archived from the original (PDF) on sixteen Apr 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2014.
93. ^ Murphy 2002, pp. 122–24.
94. ^ Whiting 2001, p. 224.
95. ^ Redfern 2007, pp. 67, 68.
96. ^ Redfern 2007, pp. 65, 67–68.
97. ^ Curtis & Golenbock 2009, p. 119.
98. ^ Graham 1989, p. 183.
99. ^ Potato 2002, p. 125.
100. ^ Simpson 1975, pp. 373–76.
101. ^ Redfern 2007, p. sixty.
102. ^ Rosen 2012, pp. 149–51.
103. ^ O'Reilly 2010, pp. 163–65.
104. ^ "Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Infirmary". U.S. Department of Veterans Diplomacy. Retrieved 11 Jan 2014.
105. ^ "About the Due south Texas Veterans Wellness Care System (STVHCS)". U.Due south. Department of Veterans Affairs. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
106. ^ Teague, Congressman Olin (thirteen October 1971). "Designating the Veteran's Administration Hospital in San Antonio Texas Every bit the Audie L. Murphy Veterans' Memorial Hospital". Congressional Tape. Washington, D.C.: Audie 50. Potato Memorial Website.
107. ^ Dawson III, Joseph G. (fifteen June 2010). "30-Sixth Infantry Division". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan.
108. ^ Simpson 1975, pp. 340–41.
109. ^ "Audie Murphy's Commissioning Oath of Function paperwork" (PDF). NARA service document.
110. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 342.
111. ^ Simpson, Harold B (15 June 2010). "Audie Leon Irish potato". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Land Historical Association.
112. ^ Graham 1989, p. 194.
113. ^ Tate 2006, pp. 157–58.
114. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 339.
115. ^ "Browse of Retired Reserve request" (PDF). Audie L. Irish potato Memorial Website. xviii Apr 1969.
116. ^ "Audie Irish potato contour". Hollywood Walk of Fame. Retrieved thirty December 2013.
117. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 128–47.
118. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 222–23.
119. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 147, 148.
120. ^ Nott 2005, pp. one–3, 42–57, 111–12.
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122. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 150–51.
123. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 142, 174.
124. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 145–46.
125. ^ Movies of the Month (April 1949). "Bad Male child". Boys' Life: 50.
126. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 161–62.
127. ^ Tate 2006, pp. 162–63.
128. ^ Young & Young 2010, pp. 493–95.
129. ^ Graham 1989, p. 177.
130. ^ Graham 1989, p. 348.
131. ^ Ross 1997, p. 100.
132. ^ Mauldin, Bill (11 June 1971). "Parting Shots". LIFE. Vol. seventy, no. 22. p. 77.
133. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 196–97.
134. ^ Nott 2005, pp. 113, 117.
135. ^ Roberts 2009, pp. 125–26.
136. ^ Lucas 2004, pp. 175–77.
137. ^ Nott 2005, pp. 51–22.
138. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 231–32.
139. ^ Yoggy 1998, p. 101.
140. ^ Huebner 2007, pp. 140–43.
141. ^ Gossett 1996, p. fifteen.
142. ^ Niemi 2006, p. 90.
143. ^ Message to TAGO from H.D. Kight, Public Information Sectionalization, detailing an advent on the Ed Sullivan Show by Audie L. Murphy. File Unit: Official Military Personnel File of Audie Irish potato, 1942–1945. U.S. National Archives and Records Assistants ARC Identifier 299780. 24 September 1955.
144. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 241–46, 261.
145. ^ Graham 1989, p. 263.
146. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 266–67.
147. ^ Graham 1989, pp. 263, 268.
148. ^ DiLeo 2004, p. 253.
149. ^ O'Connor & Rollins 2008, pp. 407, 414–15.
150. ^ Graham 1989, p. 264.
151. ^ Herzberg 2005, p. 97.
152. ^ Cozad 2006, pp. 221–22.
153. ^ Maltin 2008, pp. 994–95.
154. ^ "Ford Startime. The Human being LC control no. 96500439". Library of Congress. 1960. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
155. ^ Broken Bridge. Serial: Move Film Films from "The Big Picture show" Television Plan Series, 1860–1985. U.Due south. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 2569746. 1974.
156. ^ Simpson 1975, p. 411.
157. ^ Herzberg 2005, p. 153.
158. ^ Graham 1989, p. 235.
159. ^ Pitts 2012, pp. 14, 48, 114, 139, 357.
160. ^ "Willard Willingham filmography". The New York Times. 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
161. ^ Graham 1989, p. 354.
162. ^ Basinger & Arnold 2003, p. 301.
163. ^ Pitts 2012, p. 48.
164. ^ Herzberg 2005, pp. 79–80.
165. ^ Pitts 2012, p. 139.
166. ^ Pitts 2012, p. 114.
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168. ^ Nott 2005, pp. one–2.
169. ^ Rausch & Dequina 2008, pp. 38–39.
170. ^ Boggs 2011, pp. 189–94.
171. ^ Graham 1989, p. 310.
172. ^ Graham 1989, p. 174.
173. ^ Nielsen Business concern Media, Inc (28 April 1951). "Divorces". The Billboard: 48.
174. ^ Nielsen Business organisation Media, Inc (5 May 1951). "Marriages". The Billboard: 48.
175. ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (22 March 1952). "Births". The Billboard: 55.
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178. ^ "Homes Owned or Lived in By Audie Murphy". Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. Retrieved 27 October 2013.
179. ^ "Audie Irish potato Ranch". Brookfield Residential. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
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181. ^ Graham 1989, p. 307.
182. ^ Scott, Vernon (22 September 1968). "1-Fourth dimension Hero Audie Spud is Now Broke and in Debt". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. p. 8.
183. ^ "War Hero Murhphy: I Didn't Have Gun". The Miami Herald. United Press International. 5 June 1970. p. 155. Retrieved thirty March 2021.
184. ^ "Audie Murphy Held On Assault Charges". Daily Variety. 29 May 1970. p. 3.
185. ^ "Almanac". Pittsburgh Post - Gazette. Pittsburgh, Pa., United States. 28 May 1995. p. 2. ISSN 1068-624X. ProQuest 391908235. Retrieved fourteen February 2021.
186. ^ Landon, Tom (nine June 2013). "Audie White potato crash site at present well marked". The Roanoke Times.
187. ^ "Hero-Actor Audie Murphy Dies in Airplane Crash". Philadelphia Daily News at Newspapers.com. 1 June 1971.
188. ^ Maslowski & Winslow 2005, p. 420.
189. ^ McCarthy, Dennis (14 April 2010). "Pam Murphy, widow of actor Audie Murphy, was veterans' friend and abet". Los Angeles Daily News.
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198. ^ "Gov. Perry Awards Audie Irish potato Texas Legislative Medal of Honor". Press Release. Office of Governor Rick Perry. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 29 Oct 2013.
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202. ^ "To Hell and Back - Lyrics". Retrieved 22 November 2020.
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References

• Basinger, Jeanine; Arnold, Jeremy (2003). The World State of war 2 Combat Film: Anatomy of a Genre . Wesleyan University Press. ISBN978-0-8195-6623-2.
• Boggs, Johnny D (2011). Jesse James and the Movies. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-4788-6.
• Brinkley, Douglas (2004). The World War II Desk Reference. Collins Reference. ISBN978-0-06-052651-i.
• Cavileer, Sharon (2013). Virginia Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff. Globe Pequot Press. ISBN978-0-7627-9520-8.
• Champagne, Daniel R (2008). Dogface Soldiers: The Story of B Company, 15th Regiment, tertiary Infantry Division: from Fedala to Salzburg, Audie Tater and His Brothers in Arms. Merriam Press. ISBN978-1-4357-5767-7.
• Clarke, Jeffrey J; Smith, Robert Ross (1993). Riviera to the Rhine. United states of america Regular army in World War 2. Center of Military History, U.s.a. Army. ISBN978-0-sixteen-025966-1.
• Cozad, W. Lee (2006). More than Magnificent Mountain Movies. Sunstroke Media. ISBN978-0-9723372-three-6.
• Curtis, Tony; Golenbock, Peter (2009). American Prince: A Memoir. Three Rivers Press. ISBN978-0-307-40856-3.
• DiLeo, John (2004). 100 Great Film Performances You Should Remember – But Probably Don't. Limelight Editions. ISBN978-0-87910-972-1.
• Fredriksen, John C. (2010). The United States Army: A Chronology, 1775 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-59884-344-6.
• Gossett, Sue (1996). The Films and Career of Audie Tater. Empire Publishing. ISBN978-0-944019-22-1.
• Graham, Don (1989). No Name on the Bullet. Viking. ISBN978-0-670-81511-1.
• Herzberg, Bob (2005). Shooting Scripts. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-2173-2.
• Huebner, Andrew J (2007). The Warrior Paradigm: Soldiers in American Civilization from the Second World State of war to the Vietnam Era. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN978-0-8078-3144-one.
• Lewis, C. Jack (2002). White Horse, Blackness Hat: A Quarter Century on Hollywood'south Poverty Row. Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-4358-5.
• Lucas, John Meredyth (2004). Eighty Odd Years in Hollywood: Memoir of a Career in Film and Boob tube. McFarland & Visitor, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-1838-1.
• Maltin, Leonard (2008). Leonard Maltin'south 2009 Movie Guide. Plume. ISBN978-0-452-28978-ix.
• Maslowski, Peter; Winslow, Don (2005). Looking for a Hero: Staff Sergeant Joe Ronnie Hooper and the Vietnam War. University of Nebraska Printing. ISBN978-0-8032-3244-0.
• Murphy, Audie (2002) [First published 1949]. To Hell and Dorsum. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN978-0-8050-7086-six.
• Niemi, Robert (2006). History in the Media: Film And Television. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-ane-57607-952-2.
• Nott, Robert (2005). Last of the Cowboy Heroes: The Westerns of Randolph Scott, Joel McCrea, and Audie Murphy. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-2261-vi.
• O'Connor, John E.; Rollins, Peter C (2008). Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History. The Academy Press of Kentucky. ISBN978-0-8131-2493-three.
• O'Reilly, Bill (2010). Pinheads and Patriots: Where Y'all Stand up in the Age of Obama. William Morrow. ISBN978-0-06-195071-ane.
• Pitts, Michael R. (2012). Western Movies: A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-6372-v.
• Rausch, Andrew J; Dequina, Michael (2008). L Filmmakers: Conversations With Directors from Roger Avary to Steven Zaillian. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-3149-six.
• Redfern, Nick (2007). Celebrity Secrets Official Government Files on the Rich and Famous. Paraview Pocket Books. ISBN978-1-4165-2866-i.
• Roberts, Jerry (2009). Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Scarecrow Press. ISBN978-0-8108-6378-one.
• Rosen, David M (2012). Child Soldiers . ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-ane-59884-526-6.
• Ross, Lillian (1997). Picture. Modern Library. ISBN978-0-679-60254-5.
• Simpson, Harold B. (1975). Audie Spud, American Soldier. Hill Jr. College Press. ISBN978-0-912172-20-0.
• Spiller, Roger J; Dawson, Joseph G (2010). The Texas War machine Feel: From the Texas Revolution Through World War Two. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN978-1-60344-197-1.
• Tate, J.R. (2006). Walkin' with the Ghost Whisperers. Stackpole Books. ISBN978-0-8117-4544-4.
• Whiting, Charles (2001). America'southward forgotten army: the story of the U.South. Seventh. St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN978-0-312-97655-2.
• Willbanks, James H (2011). America'due south heroes: Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan . ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-59884-394-1.
• Yoggy, Gary A. (1998). Back in the Saddle: Essays on Western Flick and Television Actors. McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN978-0-7864-0566-4.
• Young, William H; Young, Nancy K. (2010). World State of war II and the Postwar Years in America: A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-0-313-35652-0.

Farther reading

• Smith, David A. (2015). The Toll of Valor: The Life of Audie Murphy, America's Almost Decorated Hero of Earth War II. Regnery History. ISBN978-1-62157-317-3.

External links

• Audie Tater at IMDb
• Image of Audie Spud with unidentified homo during screen test in Los Angeles, California, 1946. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Is Audie Murphy Still The Most Decorated Soldier,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy

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